{
  "datasetId": "ai-search-rag-finetuning-citation-sample-2026-07",
  "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
  "createdAt": "2026-07-20",
  "language": "zh-CN",
  "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "licenseScope": "DragonAI's observation design, run-level counts, URL normalization, hostname aggregation, overlap calculation, field definitions, and Chinese descriptions. Extracted citation strings are included only as observation records. Third-party pages, complete model answers, provider names, trademarks, and API payloads are excluded and remain subject to their respective terms.",
  "disclosureZh": "DragonAI 运营 AI 产品经理课程，并监测本域名在 AI 搜索回答中的可见性。本数据集包含目标引用为零的结果，不以自有域名命中为纳入条件。",
  "researchQuestionZh": "千问、Kimi、Gemini 回答同一个 RAG 与微调选型问题时，在本次点时样本中引用了哪些来源域名？",
  "query": "RAG和模型微调应该怎么选择？请给出决策条件、验证实验和可靠来源。",
  "observationWindow": {
    "startedAt": "2026-07-20T23:33:18Z",
    "endedAt": "2026-07-20T23:35:22Z"
  },
  "target": {
    "domain": "course.dragonai.tech",
    "path": "/comparisons/rag-vs-fine-tuning",
    "publicationPhase": "prepublication"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "providers": [
      "qwen_dashscope_web_search",
      "kimi_builtin_web_search",
      "gemini_google_search_grounding"
    ],
    "repetitionsPerProvider": 3,
    "samePromptAcrossRuns": true,
    "nativeWebSearchRequired": true,
    "completedRunInclusionRuleZh": "仅纳入 API 成功返回、执行原生联网搜索并能提取展示层引用 URL 的运行。",
    "rawCitationStringDefinitionZh": "监测器从展示层提取的一条 URL 形字符串记为一条原始引用字符串。",
    "normalizationRuleZh": "移除直接附在 URL 后的‘)：说明文字’或‘):说明文字’及末尾标点，再在单次运行内按完整 URL 去重；不合并不同路径、查询参数或重定向目标。",
    "normalizedUrlOccurrenceDefinitionZh": "一次运行中的一个规范化 URL 记为一次 URL 出现；相同 URL 在不同运行再次出现会再次计数。",
    "hostnameDefinitionZh": "解析 URL 主机名并转为小写；不同子域名分别计数。",
    "targetAttributionRuleZh": "只有可解析到 course.dragonai.tech 目标域名的引用才计为目标引用；无法解析的重定向不计入。",
    "brandMentionRuleZh": "回答正文出现预设品牌实体 DragonAI、烛龙智元或目标域名时记为品牌提及。",
    "rawAnswerPublication": "excluded_except_extracted_citation_strings",
    "publicRunRecords": "included_without_answer_text"
  },
  "aggregate": {
    "completedRuns": 9,
    "citationSurfaceRuns": 9,
    "attributableCitationRuns": 9,
    "rawExtractedCitationStrings": 77,
    "normalizedUrlOccurrences": 76,
    "distinctNormalizedUrls": 46,
    "distinctHostnames": 31,
    "targetCitationRuns": 0,
    "brandMentionRuns": 0,
    "hostnameSharedByAllThreeProviders": []
  },
  "providerResults": [
    {
      "provider": "qwen_dashscope_web_search",
      "model": "qwen-plus",
      "completedRuns": 3,
      "rawCitationStringCountsByRun": [
        10,
        10,
        10
      ],
      "normalizedUrlCountsByRun": [
        10,
        10,
        10
      ],
      "normalizedUrlOccurrences": 30,
      "distinctNormalizedUrls": 10,
      "distinctHostnames": 6,
      "sameCitationUrlSetAcrossRuns": true,
      "targetCitationRuns": 0,
      "brandMentionRuns": 0,
      "hostnameOccurrences": [
        {
          "hostname": "cloud.baidu.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 15
        },
        {
          "hostname": "lubuxun.blog.csdn.net",
          "citationOccurrences": 3
        },
        {
          "hostname": "post.smzdm.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 3
        },
        {
          "hostname": "qianfanmarket.baidu.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 3
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.163.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 3
        },
        {
          "hostname": "zhuanlan.zhihu.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 3
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "provider": "kimi_builtin_web_search",
      "model": "moonshot-v1-128k",
      "completedRuns": 3,
      "rawCitationStringCountsByRun": [
        3,
        2,
        6
      ],
      "normalizedUrlCountsByRun": [
        3,
        2,
        5
      ],
      "normalizedUrlOccurrences": 10,
      "distinctNormalizedUrls": 7,
      "distinctHostnames": 5,
      "sameCitationUrlSetAcrossRuns": false,
      "targetCitationRuns": 0,
      "brandMentionRuns": 0,
      "hostnameOccurrences": [
        {
          "hostname": "arxiv.org",
          "citationOccurrences": 4
        },
        {
          "hostname": "blog.csdn.net",
          "citationOccurrences": 3
        },
        {
          "hostname": "zhuanlan.zhihu.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.ud.hk",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.zhihu.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "provider": "gemini_google_search_grounding",
      "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
      "completedRuns": 3,
      "rawCitationStringCountsByRun": [
        16,
        10,
        10
      ],
      "normalizedUrlCountsByRun": [
        16,
        10,
        10
      ],
      "normalizedUrlOccurrences": 36,
      "distinctNormalizedUrls": 29,
      "distinctHostnames": 22,
      "sameCitationUrlSetAcrossRuns": false,
      "targetCitationRuns": 0,
      "brandMentionRuns": 0,
      "hostnameOccurrences": [
        {
          "hostname": "www.databricks.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 4
        },
        {
          "hostname": "medium.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 4
        },
        {
          "hostname": "arxiv.org",
          "citationOccurrences": 3
        },
        {
          "hostname": "cohere.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 2
        },
        {
          "hostname": "dev.to",
          "citationOccurrences": 2
        },
        {
          "hostname": "docs.aws.amazon.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 2
        },
        {
          "hostname": "galileo.ai",
          "citationOccurrences": 2
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.actian.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 2
        },
        {
          "hostname": "cloud.google.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 2
        },
        {
          "hostname": "unstructured.io",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.coreweave.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.redhat.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "docs.nvidia.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "openreview.net",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.braintrust.dev",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.evidentlyai.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.meilisearch.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.oracle.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "www.patronus.ai",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "community.ibm.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "learn.microsoft.com",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        },
        {
          "hostname": "redis.io",
          "citationOccurrences": 1
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "runs": [
    {
      "provider": "qwen_dashscope_web_search",
      "model": "qwen-plus",
      "runIndex": 1,
      "observedAt": "2026-07-20T23:33:18Z",
      "searchPerformed": true,
      "attributionComplete": true,
      "rawCitationStringCount": 10,
      "rawCitationStringsSameAsCitationUrls": true,
      "citationUrls": [
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/3363752",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/3367936",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/3411968",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/4394886",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/5543913",
        "https://lubuxun.blog.csdn.net/article/details/154753402",
        "https://post.smzdm.com/p/arz386lx",
        "https://qianfanmarket.baidu.com/article/detail/1195249",
        "https://www.163.com/dy/article/L296MIS50556LPY6.html",
        "https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/1981394187950786445"
      ],
      "targetCited": false,
      "brandMentioned": false
    },
    {
      "provider": "qwen_dashscope_web_search",
      "model": "qwen-plus",
      "runIndex": 2,
      "observedAt": "2026-07-20T23:33:18Z",
      "searchPerformed": true,
      "attributionComplete": true,
      "rawCitationStringCount": 10,
      "rawCitationStringsSameAsCitationUrls": true,
      "citationUrls": [
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/3363752",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/3367936",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/3411968",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/4394886",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/5543913",
        "https://lubuxun.blog.csdn.net/article/details/154753402",
        "https://post.smzdm.com/p/arz386lx",
        "https://qianfanmarket.baidu.com/article/detail/1195249",
        "https://www.163.com/dy/article/L296MIS50556LPY6.html",
        "https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/1981394187950786445"
      ],
      "targetCited": false,
      "brandMentioned": false
    },
    {
      "provider": "qwen_dashscope_web_search",
      "model": "qwen-plus",
      "runIndex": 3,
      "observedAt": "2026-07-20T23:33:18Z",
      "searchPerformed": true,
      "attributionComplete": true,
      "rawCitationStringCount": 10,
      "rawCitationStringsSameAsCitationUrls": true,
      "citationUrls": [
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/3363752",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/3367936",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/3411968",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/4394886",
        "https://cloud.baidu.com/article/5543913",
        "https://lubuxun.blog.csdn.net/article/details/154753402",
        "https://post.smzdm.com/p/arz386lx",
        "https://qianfanmarket.baidu.com/article/detail/1195249",
        "https://www.163.com/dy/article/L296MIS50556LPY6.html",
        "https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/1981394187950786445"
      ],
      "targetCited": false,
      "brandMentioned": false
    },
    {
      "provider": "kimi_builtin_web_search",
      "model": "moonshot-v1-128k",
      "runIndex": 1,
      "observedAt": "2026-07-20T23:34:41Z",
      "searchPerformed": true,
      "attributionComplete": true,
      "rawCitationStringCount": 3,
      "rawCitationStringsSameAsCitationUrls": false,
      "rawCitationStrings": [
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04095)：提供了RAG与微调的比较分析",
        "https://blog.csdn.net/2401_85325726/article/details/154349326)：讨论了RAG与微调的核心区别和适用场景",
        "https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/1940538557031781213)：提供了RAG和微调的场景分析和选择建议"
      ],
      "citationUrls": [
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04095",
        "https://blog.csdn.net/2401_85325726/article/details/154349326",
        "https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/1940538557031781213"
      ],
      "targetCited": false,
      "brandMentioned": false
    },
    {
      "provider": "kimi_builtin_web_search",
      "model": "moonshot-v1-128k",
      "runIndex": 2,
      "observedAt": "2026-07-20T23:34:41Z",
      "searchPerformed": true,
      "attributionComplete": true,
      "rawCitationStringCount": 2,
      "rawCitationStringsSameAsCitationUrls": true,
      "citationUrls": [
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04095",
        "https://blog.csdn.net/2401_85325726/article/details/154349326"
      ],
      "targetCited": false,
      "brandMentioned": false
    },
    {
      "provider": "kimi_builtin_web_search",
      "model": "moonshot-v1-128k",
      "runIndex": 3,
      "observedAt": "2026-07-20T23:34:41Z",
      "searchPerformed": true,
      "attributionComplete": true,
      "rawCitationStringCount": 6,
      "rawCitationStringsSameAsCitationUrls": false,
      "rawCitationStrings": [
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.17783",
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04095",
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04095)：提供了RAG与微调的比较分析和实证研究",
        "https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41187124/article/details/155943887)：详细介绍了微调与RAG的核心对比和选择考量因素",
        "https://www.ud.hk/sc/blogs/insight/article/2026-04-30-rag-vs-finetuning-enterprise",
        "https://www.zhihu.com/column/c_1502759624458977280)：提供了RAG和微调的技术选型决策树和具体场景选择指南"
      ],
      "citationUrls": [
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.17783",
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.04095",
        "https://blog.csdn.net/qq_41187124/article/details/155943887",
        "https://www.ud.hk/sc/blogs/insight/article/2026-04-30-rag-vs-finetuning-enterprise",
        "https://www.zhihu.com/column/c_1502759624458977280"
      ],
      "targetCited": false,
      "brandMentioned": false
    },
    {
      "provider": "gemini_google_search_grounding",
      "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
      "runIndex": 1,
      "observedAt": "2026-07-20T23:35:22Z",
      "searchPerformed": true,
      "attributionComplete": true,
      "rawCitationStringCount": 16,
      "rawCitationStringsSameAsCitationUrls": true,
      "citationUrls": [
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.00386",
        "https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/ai-machine-learning/optimizing-rag-retrieval",
        "https://cloud.google.com/use-cases/fine-tuning-ai-models",
        "https://cohere.com/blog/rag-vs-fine-tuning",
        "https://docs.nvidia.com/learning/physical-ai/getting-started-with-isaac-sim/latest/synthetic-data-generation-for-perception-model-training-in-isaac-sim/05-fine-tuning-and-validating-an-ai-perception-model.html",
        "https://medium.com/@bijit211987/when-to-apply-rag-vs-fine-tuning-90a34e7d6d25",
        "https://medium.com/@candemir13/fine-tuning-vs-rag-a-decision-framework-for-practitioners-7c26cba89768",
        "https://openreview.net/challenge?redirect=%2Fforum%3Fid%3DfWHd3yYicX",
        "https://www.actian.com/blog/databases/should-you-use-rag-or-fine-tune-your-llm/",
        "https://www.braintrust.dev/articles/what-is-rag-evaluation",
        "https://www.databricks.com/blog/rag-vs-fine-tuning",
        "https://www.databricks.com/blog/what-is-fine-tuning",
        "https://www.evidentlyai.com/llm-guide/rag-evaluation",
        "https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/rag-evaluation",
        "https://www.oracle.com/artificial-intelligence/generative-ai/retrieval-augmented-generation-rag/rag-fine-tuning/",
        "https://www.patronus.ai/llm-testing/rag-evaluation-metrics"
      ],
      "targetCited": false,
      "brandMentioned": false
    },
    {
      "provider": "gemini_google_search_grounding",
      "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
      "runIndex": 2,
      "observedAt": "2026-07-20T23:35:22Z",
      "searchPerformed": true,
      "attributionComplete": true,
      "rawCitationStringCount": 10,
      "rawCitationStringsSameAsCitationUrls": true,
      "citationUrls": [
        "https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.08406",
        "https://cohere.com/blog/rag-vs-fine-tuning",
        "https://dev.to/gde03/fine-tuning-and-rag-what-a-dozen-failed-experiments-taught-me-4apb",
        "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/prescriptive-guidance/latest/retrieval-augmented-generation-options/rag-vs-fine-tuning.html",
        "https://galileo.ai/blog/optimizing-llm-performance-rag-vs-finetune-vs-both",
        "https://unstructured.io/insights/rag-vs-fine-tuning-your-guide-to-ai-optimization",
        "https://www.actian.com/blog/databases/should-you-use-rag-or-fine-tune-your-llm/",
        "https://www.coreweave.com/blog/pretraining-vs-fine-tuning-vs-rag-whats-best-for-your-ai-project",
        "https://www.databricks.com/blog/rag-vs-fine-tuning",
        "https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/ai/rag-vs-fine-tuning"
      ],
      "targetCited": false,
      "brandMentioned": false
    },
    {
      "provider": "gemini_google_search_grounding",
      "model": "gemini-2.5-flash",
      "runIndex": 3,
      "observedAt": "2026-07-20T23:35:22Z",
      "searchPerformed": true,
      "attributionComplete": true,
      "rawCitationStringCount": 10,
      "rawCitationStringsSameAsCitationUrls": true,
      "citationUrls": [
        "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.15179",
        "https://community.ibm.com/community/user/blogs/wendy-munoz/2025/11/28/rag-vs-fine-tuning-best-practices-using-the-ibm-ai",
        "https://dev.to/gde03/fine-tuning-and-rag-what-a-dozen-failed-experiments-taught-me-4apb",
        "https://docs.aws.amazon.com/prescriptive-guidance/latest/retrieval-augmented-generation-options/rag-vs-fine-tuning.html",
        "https://galileo.ai/blog/optimizing-llm-performance-rag-vs-finetune-vs-both",
        "https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/developer/ai/augment-llm-rag-fine-tuning",
        "https://medium.com/@eugenetan_91090/rag-vs-fine-tuned-models-experimenting-with-llm-effectiveness-64c8098d5a0f",
        "https://medium.com/@vrajdcs/rag-and-fine-tuning-implementation-best-practices-for-scalable-and-accurate-genai-solutions-e038ea957512",
        "https://redis.io/blog/10-techniques-to-improve-rag-accuracy/",
        "https://www.databricks.com/blog/rag-vs-fine-tuning"
      ],
      "targetCited": false,
      "brandMentioned": false
    }
  ],
  "crossProviderHostnameOverlap": [
    {
      "providers": [
        "qwen_dashscope_web_search",
        "kimi_builtin_web_search"
      ],
      "sharedHostnames": [
        "zhuanlan.zhihu.com"
      ]
    },
    {
      "providers": [
        "qwen_dashscope_web_search",
        "gemini_google_search_grounding"
      ],
      "sharedHostnames": []
    },
    {
      "providers": [
        "kimi_builtin_web_search",
        "gemini_google_search_grounding"
      ],
      "sharedHostnames": [
        "arxiv.org"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "limitationsZh": [
    "这是一个问题、一个语言、一次短时间窗口和每个平台三次运行的便利样本，不能估计平台总体引用概率。",
    "模型、搜索索引、位置、账号、服务配置和时间变化都可能改变结果。",
    "原始字符串与规范化URL的差异来自公开规则，不回写或覆盖历史原始观察。",
    "引用出现不证明来源内容正确、被答案实际吸收、排名靠前或带来访问。",
    "主机名出现次数不能替代页面级质量审核；同一组织的不同子域名按不同主机名计数。",
    "本数据集不公开模型回答正文或第三方页面内容，也不对引用来源作质量背书。",
    "目标页面在观察时尚未公开；目标引用为零是发布前基线，不应用来比较其他域名的可见性。"
  ],
  "internalArtifactPaths": [
    "geo/reports/2026-07-20-rag-vs-fine-tuning-prepublication-baseline.json"
  ],
  "title": "千问、Kimi、Gemini 的 RAG 与微调选型引用样本（2026-07）",
  "description": "同一中文无品牌问题在千问、Kimi、Gemini 各运行三次后的引用计数、主机名分布、平台交集、目标引用与方法限制。",
  "url": "https://course.dragonai.tech/datasets/ai-search-rag-finetuning-citation-sample-2026-07.json",
  "creator": "烛龙智元内容研究组"
}
