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    "This is a supplementary point-in-time observation, not a new formal B/C window.",
    "The benchmark was permitted by the elapsed observation window, not by a verified target-page crawl.",
    "Gemini retained unresolved legacy grounding redirects, so its target attribution is not reliable for every run.",
    "Kimi returned no concrete citation URL in this batch; the explicit zeros are retained rather than imputed.",
    "Displayed citation frequency is not source quality, answer accuracy, provider ranking, or long-term preference.",
    "The dataset excludes full model answers, provider API payloads, and third-party page contents."
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  "integrity": {
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    "canonicalCoreSha256": "81703c0cbbc842a6f55fce5302601f5ccd621751c95264d4978189346dc11346"
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  "description": "同一固定中文无品牌问题的九次真实提供商输出补充观察，逐运行保留具体引用 URL、零目标结果、竞争主机、模型漂移、归因可靠性与非因果边界；不是新的正式 B/C 窗口。"
}
